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Knowledge of Earth and the processes that affect it 18% 1 Relate geologic processes to the movement of tectonic plates. Plate Tectonic Landforms http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/animate/pltecan.html After exploring the USGS information at the link below, print the following table and fill in the information from the word banks below the table. http://www1.fccj.org/pacrews/plate_tectonics1.htm
Word Bank compression tension shear diverging transform converging mid-ocean ridge strike slip faults rift zones folded mountains continental volcanic arc volcanic island arc ocean trench shallow focus earthquakes deep focus earthquakes medium focus earthquakes Cinder cones Shield Cones Composite cones (aka stratovolcanoes) no volcanoes Arrows
* more than one word can go in each square. This drag and drop illustrates features on a convergent boundary
Sample test questions: a. convergent b. divergent c. transform 1. This boundary normally has no volcanoes. 2. At this boundary, lithosphere sinks into the mantle 3. At this boundary, new ocean crust is formed 4. Subduction zones occur at this boundary. 5. The San Andreas fault is an example of this type of boundary. 2 Identify characteristics of geologic structures and the mechanisms by which they were formed. Use these links to explore faults http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm http://www.wiley.com/college/strahler/0471480533/animations/ch14_animations/faults.html Use these links to explore folds http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/animations/ch9.htm http://www.wiley.com/college/strahler/0471480533/animations/ch14_animations/animation2.html Drag and drop to label the parts of a fold
Sample test questions: 1. A __________ fault has little or no vertical movements of the two block. a. stick slip b. oblique slip c. strike slip d. dip slip 2. In a _________ fault, the hanging wall block moves up with respect to the footwall block. a. normal b. inverse c. reverse d. abnormal 3. Which of the following types of stress results in folding of flat-lying, sedimentary strata? a. horizontal compression b. horizontal tension c. vertical compression d. vertical tension 4. A fold in which the strata dip toward the axis is called a(n) a. anticline b. syncline c. basin d. dome. 5. Large circular downwarped structures are called a. anticlines b. synclines c. basins d. domes
3 Identify the characteristics of geologic eras (e.g., geologic events, biotic factors, abiotic factors). The geologic time scale places the oldest Eons and Eras on the bottom and the youngest on the top. It is arranged this way because in nature, the oldest rocks and sediments are on the bottom and the youngest on the top. This is called the law of superposition - a basic principle of relative dating. The Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic Eras are part of the Phanerozoic Eon. The "Precambrian" covers the Proterozoic, Archean, and Hadean Eons. The Pre-Cambrian represents about 88% of Earth's history. Because it was so long ago, the fossil record is scant for this chunk of time. Go to this USGS link and find the time spans covered by the three geologic eras and the Pre-Cambrian Eons. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/geo_time_scale.html Click on this link to explore the geologic eras http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cenozoic/cenozoic.html Summarize the information from these links on this chart.
4 Apply methods for determining geologic age.
If I told you that I was born in 1952, you could figure out my age numerically. The first method uses events to give an age range, while the second method gives a quantitative figure.
from coolscience.org Principle of Original Horizontality - Unless the layers have been disturbed, you can assume that the sediments were originally deposited in horizontal layers. Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships - If a rock formation cuts through or intrudes another formation, you can assume that the cutting or intruding occurred after the original rock was "in place" (It is hard to intrude something that does not exist yet.) Inclusions - If pieces of a rock fragment end up within another rock layer, you can assume that the layer that provided the fragments was there first. For example, if you have chunks of granite mixed in with sandstone, look for a neighboring body of granite as the source of the chunks. Practice applying these concepts. Go to http://www1.fccj.org/pacrews/geologic_time1.htm Write down your answers, this click on the answer tab at the top of this page to check them. 5 Interpret various map types, including topographic, geologic, and weather maps, that contain symbols, scales, legends, directions, time zones, elevations, latitudes, and longitudes. -Use these links to learn how to read and interpret topographic maps. Topo Web – For general information on Topographic maps, contour lines, symbols, stream direction, land shape, slope angle and gradients go to http://www.cis.ksu.edu/~dha5446/topoweb/guide.html http://mac.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/index.html#2 -Use this link to learn how to read and interpret geologic maps. http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~esci111/111topomap/reading_geologic_maps.htm - -Use this link to learn how to read and interpret weather maps. http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/maps/home.rxml Now practice applying the map concepts: 1. There are two map images at this link. http://www1.fccj.org/pacrews/map_images.htm What types of maps are these? __________________ _________________ 2. Find Sylvan lake on the first image. What is the elevation of the highway that borders Sylvan Lake? 3. Which geographic region has the highest elevations on the first image? NE, NW, SE or SW Which region has the steepest gradient? NE, NW, SE or SW 4. What do the colors and letters represent on the second map image? 5. Sketch a strike and dip symbol from the second map image. What do these symbols mean? 6. What does the circle on a weather symbol represent? 7. What do the triangular teeth indicate about a front on a weather map? 8. What do the half circles indicate about a front of a weather map?
9 Identify major classifications of rocks, minerals, and fossils and processes by which each is formed. Rocks Igneous rocks form from molten rock known as magma (underground) or lava (at the surface) Intrusive igneous rocks form from magma. Extrusive igneous rocks form from lava. Sedimentary rocks form from sediments or grains. Sediments that fall from a suspended fluid (air or water) are known as clastic sedimentary rocks. Those that precipitated from a solution are known as precipitates. Precipitates can be biogenic (e.g. seashells) or chemical in origin. Metamorphic rocks from when heat and pressure is applied to pre-existing rocks. Foliated metamorphic rocks form when differential pressure is applied or when minerals are layered by density. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks form when grains are welded. The major types of rocks are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. - Refer to the two igneous rocks in your kit. Read about each rock at this site by clicking on the name of the rock. http://www.wiley.com/college/strahler/0471480533/animations/ch12_animations/animation1.html - Use the cd in your rock kit for general information about igneous rocks. Click on this link to see clastic sedimentary rocks form: Read about how sedimentary rocks form on the cd. -Observe an animation of metamorphic rocks forming: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0607/es0607page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization - Refer to the metamorphic rocks in your rock kit. Read about each rock at this site by clicking rocks on the tab at the top. http://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module02swf.swf - Read about the types of metamorphism and what causes it at the site above by clicking on types at the top of the page. - Read about processes that form fossils at this site: http://www.k5geosource.org/content/dd/fossil/pg5.html Use the cd to identify the fossils in your kit. 10 Identify properties of major types of rocks, minerals, and soils. These links describes the rock cycle: http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/index.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/chemistry/changestoearthandatmosphere/0rocksrev1.shtml
Be sure to test your skills by clicking on the tab at the top of the page. This link shows soil horizons and soil formation: http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/resources/soil_classification_genesis/soil_formation/soil_transform.swf - For a map of the major soil orders of the world, click on this link: http://www.wiley.com/college/strahler/0471480533/animations/ch21_animations/animation2.html http://www.k5geosource.org/content/dd/soil/pg1.html
11 Apply knowledge of the processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition. This animation differentiates between chemical and mechanical weathering: http://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module07swf.swf Once material is broken down, erosion strips it away. This link identifies landscapes formed by erosion: Eroded material may be carried by wind or water. As the fluid loses its energy, the material is deposited. This link illustrates landscapes formed by deposition: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/grocha/monument/images/deposit.gif 14 Identify the relationship between climate, landforms and continental drift in both past and present - Ocean currents distribute heat throughout the globe. The configuration of the continents affects the location of ocean currents. In the northern hemisphere, currents move in a clockwise direction due to the Coriolis Effect. This means that the currents on the west sides of the basins are moving from the equator and therefore will be warm. Those on the east side are coming from the poles and will be cold. Wind belts that move from west to east over the oceans have a profound affect on climate. If the wind blows over cold currents before hitting land, the climate will be cool. If the wind blows over warm currents before hitting land, the climate will be warm. - Continental ice sheets form on large landmasses located near the poles. - For ice ages to occur one or more continent must be located near the poles. The land collects the snow and the snow reflects energy back into space. Also, if there are no continents along the equator, the warm water of the equator stays at low latitudes and heat is not circulated. Today, the "conveyor" moves heat from the equator to the poles. Here it cools off, sinks and moves back toward the equator along the ocean floor. Permian Period: (260 mya) The supercontinent, Pangea, formed. Easterly winds were blocked by the resulting Appalachian Mountains, creating a rain shadow desert on the west side of the mountains. Cretaceous Period: (75 mya) Rapid seafloor spreading covered North America with sea water, causing a warm wet climate. Neogene: (20 mya) Rising mountains in the west blocked the prevailing westerly winds causing precipitation on the west coast and a rain shadow on the east side of the mountains. |
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